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Posts tagged linux

Preparing Raspberry Pi for building additional kernel modules.

Preparing Raspberry Pi for building additional kernel modules. published on 1 Comment on Preparing Raspberry Pi for building additional kernel modules.

Today I was trying to build ipt-netflow kernel module on my Raspberry Pi with Raspbian linux. For hours I was stuck with proper system setup to make it ready for compiling additional kernel modules. The problem was with make prepare modules_prepare command which gives me such error:

Google was not very helpful with this problem. Finally, basing on various trops, I got it worked. Uff.. Here is the proper way to setup Raspberry Pi for compiling additional kernel modules:

Install kernel headers and other tools:

Install rpi-source tool. This downloading full kernel sources, not only kernel headers.

Install kernel sources (Lack of this was the cause of problems).

You will see something like that:

I suggest you create a symlink to /usr/src/linux:

Copy current kernel config to downloaded kernel sources and make oldconfig:

Run module assistant:

Prepare kernel for modules compilation:

After this steps I was able to compile third party kernel modules. 🙂
At the end I would like to highly recommend ipt-netflow kernel module – it is very robust solution for sending netflows from linux machines.

Securing Asterisk SIP PBX by simple iptables rule checking if the domain is correct

Securing Asterisk SIP PBX by simple iptables rule checking if the domain is correct published on 14 Comments on Securing Asterisk SIP PBX by simple iptables rule checking if the domain is correct

Hi,

For some time I’ve been looking for a simple way to protect my Asterisk SIP pbx against attacks from bots, scanners which scans and trying dialing to premium numbers. Opening SIP port to the internet causes that there was no one minute without suspect requests hitting my Asterisk. The log was full of that attempts.

While analyzing this problem I noticed that bots, scanners, attackers using everywhere IP address of my server to trying break it. While my proper clients using domain of my Asterisk server. If user is using domain name in his SIP client/phone,this domain is used in further communication on SIP protocol.

Below I will show example of INVITE (INVITE is using to establish VoIP call) SIP request from user using domain name (sip.example.com), and from user using IP address (10.10.10.10) of Asterisk server.

With domain:

With IP address:

Knowing that, I want to block requests to Asterisk server which are NOT contains my domain name. In this point I want to clarify that I have special subdomain for telephones. Bots, scanners, attackers are not knowing about this domain.
Blocking unwanted requests can be done by iptables rules with string matching.

Differences between rules result from different approach between TCP and UDP protocols when establishing a connection. TCP need to do three way handshake to establish connection, UDP not doing this.

After applying these rules, I did not see even one attack 🙂
At the and we can check increasing iptables counters:

Strongswan IPsec on LEDE/OpenWRT with fast-classifier and shortcut-fe modules

Strongswan IPsec on LEDE/OpenWRT with fast-classifier and shortcut-fe modules published on 5 Comments on Strongswan IPsec on LEDE/OpenWRT with fast-classifier and shortcut-fe modules

I have using TP-Link TL-WDR4300 router with LEDE software. Recently, thanks to fast-classifier and shortcut-fe modules the router got a second life 🙂 To my surprise after loading fast-classifier modules it can be able to pass 500Mb/s over NAT, which is absolutely great result 🙂

But after that I noticed that my site-to-site IPsec tunnel, based on Strongswan stopped working properly… Ping was working, tcp connections over tunnel could be established, but after passing some tcp packets the connection freezes. I suspected a problem with MTU, but that was not it.
After unload kmod-fast-classifier and kmod-shortcut-fe tunnel was working properly. I’m started to reading source code of fast-classifier and shortcut-fe modules. I found that:

I realized that the offloading which is doing by fast-classifier and shortcut-fe is basing on conntrack table. The next thought was that conntrack is needed to realize NAT. Only connection between my LAN and internet (WAN) should be tracked and should be in conntrack table. I don’t need to track connection beetween my local nets connected through site-to-site vpn! Connections between my local nets can be realized only based on routing table. I decided to disable conntrack for my local nets and see if it solved my problem.
My network looks as follows:

Strongswan configuration: /etc/ipsec.conf (192.168.0.0/24)

Strongswan configuration: /etc/ipsec.conf (192.168.1.0/24)

File with secrets is the same on booth sides. /etc/ipsec.secrets

Excluding particular connections from conntrack can be done by iptables with raw and conntrack module – I had to install them earlier.

I excluded whole local network class – 192.168.0/0/12

Now my IPsec tunnel started passing traffic properly! 🙂 And there is no connections from my localnets in conntrack! (so fast-classifier not offloading this connections).
The only issue was that I was unable to connect to LEDE router (192.168.0.1) from my remote network behind IPsec tunnel. I resolved that by exclude IP of router from iptables rule:

I had to install iprange module before:

Now I can enjoy very fast internet connection with fast-classifier and fully working strongswan IPsec vpn connections 🙂

IKEv2 with Let’s Encrypt- robust IPsec vpn solution for Windows, Android, Linux, macOS and iOS clients

IKEv2 with Let’s Encrypt- robust IPsec vpn solution for Windows, Android, Linux, macOS and iOS clients published on No Comments on IKEv2 with Let’s Encrypt- robust IPsec vpn solution for Windows, Android, Linux, macOS and iOS clients

Hello 🙂

In this post I will describe how to prepare solid vpn gateway which works flawlessly with many different clients.

I choose the solution based on modern IKEv2 protocol created with Microsoft and Cisco together. In a big simplification – IKEv2 (Internet Key Exchange version 2) is responsible to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite.

Advantages of IKEv2 over IKEv1 protocol:

  • it tolerates interruptions, latency etc. on network connection. For example, if the connection is temporarily lost, or if a user moves a client computer from one network to another, IKEv2 automatically restores the VPN after the network connection is reestablished — in transparent way to the user.
  • EAP authentication – we can authenticate simply, by username and password
  • better dead peer/tunnel detection
  • consume less bandwidth

IKEv2 has built in client in Windows 7 and newer and on macOS and iOS systems.
For Android there is a StrongSwan client app which is working very well. In Linux we can simply use Strongswan which is one of IPsec implementation for Linux.

In setup below I will use certificate for server obtained from Let’s Encrypt. It is needed because Windows clients will not work with self signed certificate without adding our CA as trusted. My goal is that we don’t have to provide anything other then user name and password 🙂

I will skip the part describing an obtaining a certificate from Let’s Encrypt. It is well documented in internet.
For server/gateway side I used Strongswan which provides support for IKEv2.

Server configuration

For setup server side we have to:
Install Strongswan:
(I’m installing it on OpenSUSE)

or if you using Debian based Linux distribution

I already have a certificate Let’s Encrypt for my domain. The typical catalog structure with the certificates from Let’s Encrypt looks as follows:

To use it in Strongswan it is necessary to create links to certificates and keys:

W need to provide Let’s Encrypt intermediate certificate:

This is very important step, I was spent a lot of hours to discover that Windows works properly only if we are providing intermediate certificate. Other CA certs in /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/ , especially self-signed may also causing problems

Now we can edit /etc/ipsec.conf
My configuration looks as follows:

After that we have to add private key (/etc/ipsec.d/private/privkey.pem) and define usernames and passwords for vpn clients.

This is the whole Strongswan configuration. To apply configuration Strongswan must be restarted:

If don’t have configured NAT/masquerade your clients will not have internet.

If you want allow your clients access to the internet, you have to enable nat/masquerade

In some cases there is a problem with mtu/mss which can cause for example problem with opening some web pages. Strongswan documentation recommends reduce the MSS for packets transmitded through tunnel. Strongswan documentation
To reduce the mss, add a rule to iptables:

From my observations, reducing mss to 1200 ensures trouble-free operation on all clients

Clients configuration

In most clients it is trivial.
Windows

Android

iPhone – iOS

macOS
Very simple configuration, analogous to iOS/iPhone

Linux
Unfortunately, manual configuration is slightly complicated. But then it works very well.
In newer releases of Linux distribution there is a gui plugin for network manager which provide easy configuration of vpn connection. But I haven’t tried it.

Strongswan configuration: /etc/ipsec.conf

password for user1 i stored in /etc/ipsec.secret:

We have to had intermediate and CA root certyficate in /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts:
intermediate:

root CA certificate is available to copy from  DST Root CA X3
I had to copy it to a file in such way (with adding “—–BEGIN CERTIFICATE—–” and “—–END CERTIFICATE—–“:

In the default configuration, strongswan does not set the dns addresses provided by the server. This behavior can be changed by editing /etc/strongswan.d/charon/resolv.conf. I uncommented line with “file = /etc/resolv.conf”

Restart Strongswan:

And connection should be start:

We can check connection status:

And disconnect connection:

[Update 21.12.2018]

Carsten who reads this post shared with me some observations with configuring IKEv2 connections on Windows clients.

In more sophisticated scenario, than described here when we don’t want to set vpn connection as default gateway for clients (redirect all trafic to vpn tunnel), but we want use vpn connection only for some specified remote networks then Windows client is a problem.
Windows has no support for traffic selector provided by strongSwan.
Carsten writes:

  • The VPN LAN should be different to the remote LAN.
  • Therefore in Windows “Use default gateway on remote network” must be set.
  • Therefore “leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0” is necessary, because all traffic of the client goes through the VPN (which is not nice).
  • Without “Use default gateway on remote network” Windows only sets a route for the VPN LAN, which is useless. It should be possible to set a route to the remote LAN by using the PowerShell. I haven’t tried that yet.

This problem is also described here

Thanks Carsten for sharing your observations.